Um Ihre Frage zu beantworten, habe ich mit einigen Varianten gespielt und sie profiliert.
Fazit: Um Daten von einem Numpy-Array in ein anderes zu kopieren, verwenden Sie eine der integrierten Numpy-Funktionen numpy.array(src)oder numpy.copyto(dst, src)wo immer möglich.
(Wählen Sie jedoch immer die spätere Option dst, wenn der Speicher bereits zugewiesen ist, um den Speicher wiederzuverwenden. Siehe Profilerstellung am Ende des Beitrags.)
Profiling-Setup
import timeit
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display
def profile_this(methods, setup='', niter=10 ** 4, p_globals=None, **kwargs):
if p_globals is not None:
print('globals: {0}, tested {1:.0e} times'.format(p_globals, niter))
timings = np.array([timeit.timeit(method, setup=setup, number=niter,
globals=p_globals, **kwargs) for
method in methods])
ranking = np.argsort(timings)
timings = np.array(timings)[ranking]
methods = np.array(methods)[ranking]
speedups = np.amax(timings) / timings
pd.set_option('html', False)
data = {'time (s)': timings,
'speedup': ['{:.2f}x'.format(s) if 1 != s else '' for s in speedups],
'methods': methods}
data_frame = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['time (s)', 'speedup', 'methods'])
display(data_frame)
print()
Profiling-Code
setup = '''import numpy as np; x = np.random.random(n)'''
methods = (
'''y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.copy(x)''',
'''y = x.astype(x.dtype)''',
'''y = 1*x''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')''',
'''y = np.empty(n)\nfor i in range(x.size):\n\ty[i] = x[i]'''
)
for n, it in ((2, 6), (3, 6), (3.8, 6), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4.5)):
profile_this(methods[:-1:] if n > 2 else methods, setup,
niter=int(10 ** it), p_globals={'n': int(10 ** n)})
Ergebnisse für Windows 7 auf Intel i7 CPU, CPython v3.5.0, numpy v1.10.1.
globals: {'n': 100}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.386908 33.76x y = np.array(x)
1 0.496475 26.31x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 0.567027 23.03x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 0.666129 19.61x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 0.967086 13.51x y = 1*x
5 1.067240 12.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
6 1.235198 10.57x y = np.copy(x)
7 1.624535 8.04x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 1.626120 8.03x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 3.569372 3.66x y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
10 13.061154 y = np.empty(n)\nfor i in range(x.size):\n\ty[...
globals: {'n': 1000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.666237 6.10x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
1 0.740594 5.49x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
2 0.755246 5.39x y = np.array(x)
3 1.043631 3.90x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 1.398793 2.91x y = 1*x
5 1.434299 2.84x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
6 1.544769 2.63x y = np.copy(x)
7 1.873119 2.17x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 2.355593 1.73x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 4.067133 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 6309}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 2.338428 3.05x y = np.array(x)
1 2.466636 2.89x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 2.561535 2.78x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 2.603601 2.74x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 3.005610 2.37x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
5 3.215863 2.22x y = np.copy(x)
6 3.249763 2.19x y = 1*x
7 3.661599 1.95x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 6.344077 1.12x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 7.133050 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 10000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.421806 2.82x y = np.array(x)
1 3.569501 2.71x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 3.618747 2.67x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 3.708604 2.61x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 4.150505 2.33x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
5 4.402126 2.19x y = np.copy(x)
6 4.917966 1.96x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
7 4.941269 1.96x y = 1*x
8 8.925884 1.08x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 9.661437 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 100000}, tested 1e+05 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.858588 2.63x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
1 3.873989 2.62x y = np.array(x)
2 3.896584 2.60x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 3.919729 2.58x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
4 3.948563 2.57x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
5 4.000521 2.53x y = np.copy(x)
6 4.087255 2.48x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
7 4.803606 2.11x y = 1*x
8 6.723291 1.51x y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
9 10.131983 y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 1000000}, tested 3e+04 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 85.625484 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
1 85.693316 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
2 85.790064 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
3 86.342230 1.23x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
4 86.954862 1.22x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
5 89.503368 1.18x y = np.array(x)
6 91.986177 1.15x y = 1*x
7 95.216021 1.11x y = np.copy(x)
8 100.524358 1.05x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
9 106.045746 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
Siehe auch Ergebnisse für eine Variante der Profilerstellung, bei der der Speicher des Ziels bereits während des Wertkopierens vorab zugewiesen wurde , da dies y = np.empty_like(x)Teil des Setups ist:
globals: {'n': 100}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.328492 2.33x np.copyto(y, x)
1 0.384043 1.99x y = np.array(x)
2 0.405529 1.89x y[:] = x
3 0.764625 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 1000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.453094 1.95x np.copyto(y, x)
1 0.537594 1.64x y[:] = x
2 0.770695 1.15x y = np.array(x)
3 0.884261 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 6309}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 2.125426 1.20x np.copyto(y, x)
1 2.182111 1.17x y[:] = x
2 2.364018 1.08x y = np.array(x)
3 2.553323 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 10000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.196402 1.13x np.copyto(y, x)
1 3.523396 1.02x y[:] = x
2 3.531007 1.02x y = np.array(x)
3 3.597598 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 100000}, tested 1e+05 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.862123 1.01x np.copyto(y, x)
1 3.863693 1.01x y = np.array(x)
2 3.873194 1.01x y[:] = x
3 3.909018 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')