Ein Hinweis in den Oracle-Dokumenten unter der multianewarray
Anweisung lautet:
Es kann effizienter sein, newarray
oder zu verwendenanewarray
( §newarray , §anewarray ) , wenn eine Anordnung von einer einzigen Dimension zu schaffen.
Des Weiteren:
newArray
Der Benchmark verwendet eine multianewarray
Bytecode-Anweisung.
newArray2
Der Benchmark verwendet eine anewarray
Bytecode-Anweisung.
Und das macht den Unterschied. Sehen wir uns die Statistiken an, die mit dem perf
Linux-Profiler erstellt wurden.
Für den newArray
Benchmark sind die heißesten Methoden nach dem Inlining:
....[Hottest Methods (after inlining)]..............................................................
22.58% libjvm.so MemAllocator::allocate
14.80% libjvm.so ObjArrayAllocator::initialize
12.92% libjvm.so TypeArrayKlass::multi_allocate
10.98% libjvm.so AccessInternal::PostRuntimeDispatch<G1BarrierSet::AccessBarrier<2670710ul, G1BarrierSet>, (AccessInternal::BarrierType)1, 2670710ul>::oop_access_barrier
7.38% libjvm.so ObjArrayKlass::multi_allocate
6.02% libjvm.so MemAllocator::Allocation::notify_allocation_jvmti_sampler
5.84% ld-2.27.so __tls_get_addr
5.66% libjvm.so CollectedHeap::array_allocate
5.39% libjvm.so Klass::check_array_allocation_length
4.76% libc-2.27.so __memset_avx2_unaligned_erms
0.75% libc-2.27.so __memset_avx2_erms
0.38% libjvm.so __tls_get_addr@plt
0.17% libjvm.so memset@plt
0.10% libjvm.so G1ParScanThreadState::copy_to_survivor_space
0.10% [kernel.kallsyms] update_blocked_averages
0.06% [kernel.kallsyms] native_write_msr
0.05% libjvm.so G1ParScanThreadState::trim_queue
0.05% libjvm.so Monitor::lock_without_safepoint_check
0.05% libjvm.so G1FreeCollectionSetTask::G1SerialFreeCollectionSetClosure::do_heap_region
0.05% libjvm.so OtherRegionsTable::occupied
1.92% <...other 288 warm methods...>
....[Distribution by Source]....
87.61% libjvm.so
5.84% ld-2.27.so
5.56% libc-2.27.so
0.92% [kernel.kallsyms]
0.03% perf-27943.map
0.03% [vdso]
0.01% libpthread-2.27.so
................................
100.00% <totals>
Und für die newArray2
:
....[Hottest Methods (after inlining)]..............................................................
93.45% perf-28023.map [unknown]
0.26% libjvm.so G1ParScanThreadState::copy_to_survivor_space
0.22% [kernel.kallsyms] update_blocked_averages
0.19% libjvm.so OtherRegionsTable::is_empty
0.17% libc-2.27.so __memset_avx2_erms
0.16% libc-2.27.so __memset_avx2_unaligned_erms
0.14% libjvm.so OptoRuntime::new_array_C
0.12% libjvm.so G1ParScanThreadState::trim_queue
0.11% libjvm.so G1FreeCollectionSetTask::G1SerialFreeCollectionSetClosure::do_heap_region
0.11% libjvm.so MemAllocator::allocate_inside_tlab_slow
0.11% libjvm.so ObjArrayAllocator::initialize
0.10% libjvm.so OtherRegionsTable::occupied
0.10% libjvm.so MemAllocator::allocate
0.10% libjvm.so Monitor::lock_without_safepoint_check
0.10% [kernel.kallsyms] rt2800pci_rxdone_tasklet
0.09% libjvm.so G1Allocator::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc
0.08% libjvm.so ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::fill
0.08% ld-2.27.so __tls_get_addr
0.07% libjvm.so G1CollectedHeap::allocate_new_tlab
0.07% libjvm.so TypeArrayKlass::allocate_common
4.15% <...other 411 warm methods...>
....[Distribution by Source]....
93.45% perf-28023.map
4.31% libjvm.so
1.64% [kernel.kallsyms]
0.42% libc-2.27.so
0.08% ld-2.27.so
0.06% [vdso]
0.04% libpthread-2.27.so
................................
100.00% <totals>
Wie wir sehen können, wird die newArray
meiste Zeit im JVM-Code verbracht (insgesamt 87,61%):
22.58% libjvm.so MemAllocator::allocate
14.80% libjvm.so ObjArrayAllocator::initialize
12.92% libjvm.so TypeArrayKlass::multi_allocate
7.38% libjvm.so ObjArrayKlass::multi_allocate
...
Während der newArray2
verwendet dieOptoRuntime::new_array_C
, verbringen Sie viel weniger Zeit damit, den Speicher für Arrays zuzuweisen. Die Gesamtzeit im JVM-Code beträgt nur 4,31%.
Mit dem perfnorm
Profiler erhaltene Bonusstatistiken:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
newArray avgt 4 448.018 ± 80.029 us/op
newArray:CPI avgt 0.359 #/op
newArray:L1-dcache-load-misses avgt 10399.712 #/op
newArray:L1-dcache-loads avgt 1032985.924 #/op
newArray:L1-dcache-stores avgt 590756.905 #/op
newArray:cycles avgt 1132753.204 #/op
newArray:instructions avgt 3159465.006 #/op
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
newArray2 avgt 4 125.531 ± 50.749 us/op
newArray2:CPI avgt 0.532 #/op
newArray2:L1-dcache-load-misses avgt 10345.720 #/op
newArray2:L1-dcache-loads avgt 85185.726 #/op
newArray2:L1-dcache-stores avgt 103096.223 #/op
newArray2:cycles avgt 346651.432 #/op
newArray2:instructions avgt 652155.439 #/op
Beachten Sie den Unterschied in der Anzahl der Zyklen und Anweisungen.
Umgebung:
Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS
java version "12.0.2" 2019-07-16
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 12.0.2+10)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 12.0.2+10, mixed mode, sharing)
int[num][length]
der kontinuierliche Raum der Größenum x length
zugewiesen werden sollte, während im Fall vonint[num][]
die Arrays willkürlich zugewiesen werden